完整的Essay结构三段式该怎么写？

顾含爱学习

　　教授学者们通常会规范写作标准，制定如何撰写硕博士论文与学术essay以及格式要求。学术界所评定的标准植基于以何种撰写方式会被认可，何种撰写方式则会被拒绝。

　　The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations,theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted.Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not.

　　The three structural parts of a well-constructed paper完整essay结构三段式

　　Having researched a subject and obtained some mastery of the language,an academic writer can begin to write.The writer's pre-writing activities are the foundation and the framework for the paper.Without the advance work,a paper will be rickety in its presentation and weak in its material content.No successful academic writer ever writes a paper based on shaky knowledge.

　　研究好论文主题，掌握好该如何运用适当语言来写作的要领之后，作者即可准备大展身手。写作前的准备是撰写整篇essay的基础与框架，少了这些工夫，essay结构将变得松散，内容也无法经得起学界的考验。想成为一位杰出的学术论文作者，绝不容许光凭粗略的知识便轻易动笔。

　　Academic papers share a three-part structure with other conventional written media.Essentially,the paper should have a beginning,a middle,and an end,which usually are referred to as introduction,body,and conclusion.These are fundamental to any attempt at communication.Literature sometimes departs from this model,but academic literature has no such license.

　　学术论文与许多传统写作方式相似，皆主张三段式的essay结构。essay写作基本上可切分成三个区块，即起头、中间与结尾，也就是现今所通称的前言、正文与结论三个部分。三段式结构是所有意见表达的基本形式。文学作品有时能随意跳脱这样的框架，但学术论文则没有这种随性与自由。

　　The introduction should accomplish two tasks1)Present the paper's general subject and(2)present the writer's distinguishing proposition or thesis on the subject.An example:Were the subject William Shakespeare,the Bard would be introduced with enough detail to fully identify his work.This would be followed by the proposition that Shakespeare was,let's say,a fraud.

　　前言所肩负的两项任务，包括：1.提出论文大致主题方向。2.提出对主题独特见解或论点。举例来说，若论文主题为莎士比亚，则应准备充足的细节资料完整带出这位诗人的重要，以便让读者充分理解与认识莎士比亚的各部经典作品，接者再提出作者自己的主张，例如可以说，莎士比亚其实是个骗子。

　　At once,the reader knows where the paper is headed.Its longitude and latitude are yet to be revealed,but its direction is set.In the body of the paper that follows,the writer then presents the rich lode of material supporting the thesis.This main content should flow naturally from a rough outline developed during the research process,in which both mind and materials are organized.

　　如此，读者便能得知essay方向，尽管还无法掌握其深度与广度，大方向已抵定，在接下来的正文中，作者即可提出支持论点的有力佐证。正文大纲应在研究过程中已勾勒出大致方向，而作者的想法与搜集资讯也已组织完备，正文内容便可唿之欲出，自然而然地呈现出来。

　　Having effectively presented in the body of the paper the researched and original material,the writer then must conclude.This is not an insignificant section of the paper.It brings together the paper's key elements in a few sentences,giving the reader a capsule account.This summary and restatement should affirm all that went before and impart confidence in the integrity of the paper.

　　经过正文的撰写，有效提出原创研究的结果之后，接着，引导作者进入撰写结论的阶段。结论的撰写，在整篇论文的地位不容小觑，因为整篇essay的论点与论据，必须巧妙应用几句话以完整、简洁地说出重点，读者也能在此掌握浓缩后的论文精华。结论必须再次阐明前述内容，有力地说服读者支持与相信essay所述之真实性与价值。

　　The structure of an academic paper is progressive,yet it is circular,too.After reading the conclusion,a reader should be able to look back to the introduction and consider the paper a promise kept.While each section has a separate function,the three sections are interconnected in their purpose and conviction.An irresolute paper is a failure of scholarship and of structure.

　　学术论文的结构，看似逐步推展，也是前后唿应。作者应致力于在读者阅读完结论并再度回到前言时，依然保持前后文论述与风格一致，使essay合乎一开始读者阅读时的理解与期待。尽管三段式内容各有其功能，相互的目的与论证是环环相扣的。作者行文时若立场摇摆不定，所招致的瑕疵与失败，将足以影响学术essay的重要性与结构性。